Read the chapter on Social Security (starting on page 59) of the book Mixturism, written by James M. Carroll. To easily access this chapter: click the link below and drag the sidebar down to page 59 or you can simply read the book in its entirety.
Preamble
EVERY PERSON IN AMERICA SHOULD KNOW WHAT THE PREAMBLE AND ARTICLE 1, SECTION 8, OF THE CONSTITUTION SAYS.
We the People of the United States, in Order to form a more perfect Union, establish Justice, insure domestic Tranquility, provide for the common defense, promote the general Welfare, and secure the Blessings of Liberty to ourselves and our Posterity, do ordain and establish this Constitution for the United States of America.
The Congress shall have Power To lay and collect Taxes, Duties, Imposts and Excises, to pay the Debts and provide for the common Defense and general Welfare of the United States; but all Duties, Imposts and Excises shall be uniform throughout the United States;
To borrow Money on the credit of the United States;
To regulate Commerce with foreign Nations, and among the several States, and with the Indian Tribes;
To establish an uniform Rule of Naturalization, and uniform Laws on the subject of Bankruptcies throughout the United States;
To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures;
To provide for the Punishment of counterfeiting the Securities and current Coin of the United States;
To establish Post Offices and post Roads;
To promote the Progress of Science and useful Arts, by securing for limited Times to Authors and Inventors the exclusive Right to their respective Writings and Discoveries;
To constitute Tribunals inferior to the supreme Court;
To define and punish Piracies and Felonies committed on the high Seas, and Offenses against the Law of Nations;
To declare War, grant Letters of Marque and Reprisal, and make Rules concerning Captures on Land and Water;
To raise and support Armies, but no Appropriation of Money to that Use shall be for a longer Term than two Years;
To provide and maintain a Navy;
To make Rules for the Government and Regulation of the land and naval Forces;
To provide for calling forth the Militia to execute the Laws of the Union, suppress Insurrections and repel Invasions;
To provide for organizing, arming, and disciplining, the Militia, and for governing such Part of them as may be employed in the Service of the United States, reserving to the States respectively, the Appointment of the Officers, and the Authority of training the Militia according to the discipline prescribed by Congress;
To exercise exclusive Legislation in all Cases whatsoever, over such District (not exceeding ten Miles square) as may, by Cession of particular States, and the Acceptance of Congress, become the Seat of the Government of the United States, and to exercise like Authority over all Places purchased by the Consent of the Legislature of the State in which the Same shall be, for the Erection of Forts, Magazines, Arsenals, dock-Yards, and other needful Buildings;—And
To make all Laws which shall be necessary and proper for carrying into Execution the foregoing Powers, and all other Powers vested by this Constitution in the Government of the United States, or in any Department or Officer thereof.
CONGRESS HAS THE POWER TO CREATE NEW MONEY TO MAKE UP ANY DEFICIT IN SOCIAL SECURITY.
Nature’s Basic Law of Economics states: there are only two kinds of resources—people resources and natural resources. All goods and services are produced when people resources work with natural resources. As long as these two resources are available, there is no reason for not producing the goods and services needed and wanted by the people of the world.
Money should be used as a medium of exchange to facilitate the exchange of people’s productivity. If there is a shortage of money, governments have the responsibility to supply the money necessary.
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Golden Age 21 MIXTURISM (Mix-TUR-ism)
The failure of 19th century Capitalism and the failure of 20th century Socialism will make straight the path for American Mixturism to transform the poor nations of the world from rags to riches and the wealthy nations from great to super-great in the 21st century.
All lands of planet Earth will become the promised land of milk and honey.
Endowed with Democracy, an individual Bill Of Rights, and the flexible economic, ethical, and political system of MIXTURISM, there are no problems which people cannot solve.
Philosophy of Mixturism
Mixturism is a mixing of private and public enterprise in any activity of a socio-economic system without any fixed ratio so that the needs of all people in the society can be met and progress promoted for all the people. The mixing of private and public enterprise, or the partnership of private and public enterprise, can solve all economic problems for people.
If public enterprise can do a better job than private enterprise in any area of endeavor, then let public enterprise do the job. When private enterprise can do a better job than public enterprise, then public enterprise must give way to private enterprise. When neither private nor public enterprise by itself can fill the vacuum that exists in economic development, then private and public enterprise must form a partnership to fill the vacuum. Meeting the needs of all the people must be the determining factor as to which enterprise, private, public or joint private and public enterprise is used.
The idea that the use of one economic system can meet the needs of all the people is absurd. In order to encompass the different abilities, needs and desires of all people, economic systems must be flexible.
Mixturism unlike other “isms,” does not put people into straight jackets as they try to solve their economic problems. Other “isms” allow for only certain methods to be used in solving problems and limit the number of solutions acceptable to the “isms.”
In mixturism, the solution to the problem is deemed more important than the method used to find the solution or the method by which the solution is put into operation.
The use of Mixturism would not destroy any system that presently exists, but would call for the use of what is good in all systems in order to solve problems.
Mixturism would inject enough private enterprise into those economic systems which do not primarily use private enterprise in order to provide incentives that are needed to motivate people to develop their economy for their own benefit, as well as for the benefit of all people.
The chief goal of people is to live their duration on earth in the “best possible fashion.” Progress, or achievement of the “best possible fashion,” is anything, which leads to every person having the best of all goods, and services that are needed for quality living.
Governments have three main functions: First, to guarantee the rights and freedoms of its people; second, to provide a political and economic system whereby the people can have quality living; and third, provide their part of a UN peace keeping force strong enough to guarantee peach on earth.
Any government, which does not guarantee its people the means to obtain jobs at wages high enough for quality living, has fallen short of its duty to its people. Through the philosophy of Mixturism and the understanding of Nature’s Basic Law of Economics, a government can provide and guarantee quality living for all its people by creating a Reserve-Retraining Work Force which would eliminate unemployment. The question that must be asked: are there people resources and natural resources available to produce goods and services? If the answer is yes, governments or private enterprises must produce the capital that is needed to bring together these resources so the goods and services needed and desired can be produced. Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution gives Congress the power it needs to by-pass the Federal Reserve (a private banking system) and create the money the Government needs, without out borrowing money. All people live today, not some times in the future. Why should any percentage of the people have to wait for better economic times just to have the 30 essentials for living when it would be so easy?
Nature’s Basic Law of Economics
Nature’s Basic Law of Economics states: there are only two kinds of resources—people resources and natural resources. All goods and services are produced when people resources work with natural resources. As long as these two resources are available, there is no reason for not producing the goods and services needed and wanted by the people of the world.
Money should be used as a medium of exchange to facilitate the exchange of people’s productivity. If there is a shortage of money, governments have the responsibility to supply the money necessary.
There is no excuse for a depression or a recession unless some natural disaster renders the combination of people resources and natural resources unworkable.
It is not a natural disaster that afflicts the world. The disaster is the result of the abysmal ignorance of government officials concerning Nature’s Basic Law of Economics. That disaster has names such as “recession,” “inflation,” “welfare,” “unemployment,” “crime,” and “poverty.” Bringing together people resources and natural resources in full employment at quality wages is the first task of government officials—when they learn Nature’s Basic Law of Economics, the whole world will benefit.
People talk of everything in terms of money, when they should be talking in terms of people resources and natural resources.
Instead of asking how much money a thing will cost, the question should be, how many people and how much in natural resources will be required to produce the good and service? To think of money only as a commodity instead of as a medium of exchange is to make money a barrier to economic prosperity. Money should be used to exchange the goods and services people produce, not impede the flow of economic life.
One often hears, “I’m tired of the Government spending my tax dollars on welfare programs and space flights, etc.” A person making such a statement probably does not realize that we live in an interdependent world. Such a statement reflects the philosophy of money as a commodity, not money as a medium of exchange. A welfare recipient, for example, serves a useful economic purpose—providing employment for “bureaucrats” and spending power for the “bureaucrats” and the welfare recipient. The recipient of government money from space programs, to use a parallel, is also providing the community with the power to exchange goods and services. Instead of the complaint that the government makes to many dollars available, the complaint should be that the government makes too few dollars available.
SCIENCE OF ECONOMICS (The numbers below were first published in 1991 when GNP was six trillion dollars, to correct for today’s GNP multiply by 3.0)
There is not a science of economics because economists do not understand sixth grade arithmetic and Nature’s Basic Law of Economics. The economy is a result of the balance or imbalance between people resources, natural resources and money.
Apply Nature’s Basic Law of Economics and sixth-grade arithmetic. One sees: GNP of $6,000,000,000,000 (six trillion dollars).
1% of $6,000,000,000,000 = 60 billion dollars.
1% rise in the price of goods and services = decrease in the money supply by 60 billion dollars.
10% inflation = goods and services costing 600 billion dollars more; 600 billion dollar decrease in the money supply.
Result: 600 billion dollars worth of goods and services cannot be exchanged. Further results: Unemployment and decline in the GNP.
To maintain balance, the government must increase the money supply: 1% increase in inflation of a $6,000,000,000,000 (six trillion dollar) GNP requires a 60 billion dollar increase in the money supply or the equivalent amount required to exchange 60 billion dollars of goods and services.
THE FIVE FINGER MIXTURIST (Mix-TUR-ist) AGENDA
1.ADEQUATE MONETARY SYSTEM: The three functions of the Federal Reserve private banking system to lower or raise discount rates, to buy or sell securities on the open market, to lower or raise the reserve requirements for member banks are inadequate for maintaining a balanced money supply at all times. By adding a FOURTH AND A FIFTH FUNCTION to the monetary system, a balanced money supply could be achieved. The fourth function would index the PAYROLL TAX on a scale of 1 to 10 which would bring a better balance. The index could be lowered when more money is desired in the consumers pockets and raised when less is needed. NEW MONEY WOULD BE CREATED TO MAKE UP THE DEFICIT, NOT BORROWED FROM CHINA OR ANYONE ELSE. A fifth function could be added by using Article !, Section 8, of the Constitution to coin money and regulate the value there of, and then by-pass THE FEDERAL RESERVE PRIVATE BANKING INDUSTRY and give the money to the Treasury Department. The Treasury could fund infrastructure work, and give money to the states to help them fund programs. States gave up there right to create money when they joined the United States of America.
The American people needs to know that banks BUY and SELL money like all other businesses do; that when a bank pays 2 percent for money and sell it for 8 percent, the banks make 400 percent gross profit and not 6 percent like they would like for you to think. If a merchant pays two dollars for a candy bar and sells it for eight dollars, the gross profit would be 400 percent just like a bank buying money for two dollars and selling it for eight dollars. The gross profit would be 400 percent. Banks are engaged in Loan sharking! ANY INTEREST RATE OVER FIVE PERCENT IS USURY.
CONGRESS NEEDS TO CREATE NEW MONEY EACH YEAR EQUIVALENT TO THE INCREASE IN THE GREED INDEX WHICH IS CALLED INFLATION. INFLATION IS AN EUPHEMISM FOR THEFT. GREED WITH A PRICE MARKER DEVALUES MONEY. Article 1, Section 8, of the Constitution gives Congress three way to raise money: taxation, borrowing money, and most important coining money and regulating the value. Congress uses a two leg stool when the stool has three legs. ONLY CONGRESS HAS THE CONSTITUTIONAL POWER TO CREATE MONEY, NOT THE FEDERAL RESERVE PRIVATE BANKING SYSTEM.
Article 1 – The Legislative Branch
Section 8 – Powers of Congress ***See to coin money…
**** To coin Money, regulate the Value thereof, and of foreign Coin, and fix the Standard of Weights and Measures; WHY NOT USE THIS LEG OF A THREE LEG STOOL TO SOLVE AMERICA’S ECONOMIC PROBLEMS? WHY USE ONLY TWO LEGS?
2.RESERVE RETRAINING WORK FORCE: The greatest problem facing America is EMPLOYMENT AND UNEMPLOYMENT. This problem can be PERMANENTLY solved by establishing a Reserve Retraining Work force. Everyone would be in the regular work force or in the Reserve-Retraining Work force. All unemployment would be by choice.
It wouldn’t matter which side of the track you were born on, you would go to school free, and in some case the unemployed would get paid a living wage while going to school. Any one could go as far as their mind will let them by making passing grades. Employment offices would mean what they say: employment or education with pay. When old jobs are no longer needed, people must be re-trained for new jobs and get paid while being re-trained.
3. ALL AMERICANS WHO WANT TO OWN A HOME SHOULD BE ABLE TO, REGARDLESS OF INCOME. The Federal Government should endow a HOME LOAN FUND, so anyone making below average wages could borrow money to finance a home at an interest rate from 1% to 2% FOR UP TO
50 YEARS. The Federal Government must become a competitor of the banking industry. Public enterprise has as much right to exist as does private enterprise. The Constitution call for a form of MIXTURISM: business and government working together to meet the needs and desires of all the people.
4. HEALTH CARE SYSTEM: Since the average health care claims run under $20,000, the Federal Government could pay all claims over $20,000 for only 32 billion dollars per 1 trillion dollars of total health care cost. Without having to worry about claims for over $20,000, small businesses and small organizations could self-insure which would put real competition in the insurance industry where none now exist. THIS WILL LEAD TO A SINGLE PAY UNIVERSAL HEALTH CARE SYSTEM. Obama Care is a giant step toward Universal Health Care. Paying all claims over $20,000 is the next best step. Public enterprise has as much right to exist as does private enterprise. All the Government wants and needs to do is provide the money to pay for health care. The Government doesn’t want to own doctors or hospitals. It just wants to make sure doctors and hospitals get paid. The last thing that Government wants or needs to do is take over doctors and hospitals. A poor argument made by those who oppose Universal Health Care.
5. A FIRST CLASS EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM CAN BEST BE ESTABLISHED BY HAVING THE TEACHER BECOME THE DIRECTOR OF A PLANNED PROGRAM THAT WILL REACH ALL OBJECTIVES DESIRED USING THE BEST OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY. WE COULD SPEND A BILLION DOLLARS ON EVERY COURSE BEING TAUGHT IN HIGH SCHOOL THAT WOULD TEACH EVERY THING KNOWN ON THE SUBJECT BY EXPERTS WHICH WOULD BE CHEAPER THAN WHAT WE ARE NOW SPENDING ON EDUCATION, AND IT WOULD ALLOW ALL TEACHERS TO DO A SUPER JOB OF TEACHING. Every person regardless of which side of the track they were born on; they should go to school free as far as their mind will take them. THE GREATEST PART OF THE INFRASTRUCTURE IS EDUCATION.
THE DREAM OF THE VAST MAJORITY OF PEOPLE ON PLANET EARTH IS NOT TO BECOME MILLIONAIRES; BUT TO HAVE THE 30 plus ESSENTIALS FOR LIVING, NOT JUST EXISTING.
THIS DREAM SHOULD BE THE OBJECTIVE OF EVERY GOOD INDEPENDENT, LIBERAL, PROGRESSIVE, DEMOCRAT AND MIXTURIST.
THE 30 plus ESSENTIALS OF LIFE FOR LIVING –NOT JUST EXISTING ARE: ROOF OVER THEIR HEAD, CLOTHES ON THEIR BACK, FOOD ON THE TABLE, AUTOMOBILE, EDUCATION, HEALTH CARE, ALARM CLOCK, LIGHTS ON, WATER RUNNING, TOILET FLUSHING, AIR CONDITION, STOVE, REFRIGERATOR, DISH WASHER, WASHING MACHINE, CLOTHES DRYER, MICROWAVE, COFFEE POT, BATH TUB, SHOWER, FURNITURE, LINENS AND THINGS, TV SET, COMPUTER, HOUSE PHONE, CELL PHONE, VACUUM CLEANER, VACATION, TOILET PAPER AND A JOB OR INCOME THAT WILL PROVIDE THESE 30 plus THINGS. ALL OF THESE ARE POSSIBLE NOW. WHY WAIT? The sad part of all is that the rate of cost for any of the 30 plus essentials for living cost the same whether you make ten thousand dollars a year or a million dollars a year.
THE ONLY THING BLOCKING THE DOOR TO THE AMERICAN DREAM IS THE REPUBLICAN PARTY; THAT DREAM COULD BE NOW. WHY SHOULD THE POOR WAIT UNTIL TOMORROW TO EAT– WHILE THE RICH GET RICHER?
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The Problem With Public Education
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In order to earn credit, you must follow the instructions as they pertain to each lesson completing the reading and video assignments, and compose an essay based on your own ideas and ideas of others. You will not be bogged down with having to remember facts, figures and dates in order to pass a test. Dates, facts, and figures can be looked up. You will grade your own essay. You will have a clear mind for learning.
You will follow a COURSE of STUDY that will take you on a CHRONOLOGICAL JOURNEY from the inception of the universe to the present. This march through time will review the contribution of Great Individuals, their ideas and concepts, Great World Events, and Great Philosophical and Scientific Ideas – along with the impact these revelations and innovations had on civilization; and also some special topics.
According to Dr. Albert Edward Wiggam, if you wish to become an educated person– you will ask yourself these questions every day of your life. If you rigidly ask and answer them, they will come to your aid in solving every problem and become the background of your clearest and most effective thinking. The ABC’s of education:
A. DO I REALLY WANT TO KNOW THE TRUTH ABOUT POLITICS, BUSINESS, SCIENCE, RELIGION, MORALS, AND LIFE, OR DO I MERELY WANT TO PROVE THAT THE NOTIONS I ALREADY HAVE ABOUT THESE THINGS ARE CORRECT?
B. AM I WILLING TO LAY ASIDE THE CONVICTIONS OF A LIFE TIME AND ALL THE TRADITIONS AND BELIEFS OF HISTORY, AND ALL THE CUSTOMS OF MY SOCIAL CLASS WHEN I COME INTO THE PRESENCE OF A NEW FACT, LONG ENOUGH TO FIND OUT WHETHER OR NOT THIS NEW FACT OUGHT TO CHANGE MY POINT OF VIEW?
C. HAVE I EVER, WITHOUT MENTAL RESERVATION, PREJUDICE, BIAS, SET NOTIONS AND DOGMAS, SURRENDERED MY HEART AND MIND COMPLETELY TO THE EXAMINATION OF THE REASON FOR MY MOST CHERISHED OPINIONS; THAT IS, HAVE I SURRENDERED MY HEART AND MIND COMPLETELY TO AN ACCEPTANCE OF THE TRUTH, WHEREVER IT LEADS ME?
The greatest part of any education is the ability to read. If you can read, the earth and everything that’s in it is yours on a platinum platter– if you can fill the unforgiving minute with 60 seconds worth of distance run. You don’t need a teacher at the college level.
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Lesson 1. The beginning of a new Universe… Grade A, B, or C
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NOW UNDER CONSTRUCTION…COMING SOON…HERE ARE SOME EXAMPLES:
LESSON 1. Lessons are in numerical order; events, ideas and individuals are in Chronological order…
- (Event 13 billion years ago) THE BEGINNING OF A NEW UNIVERSE… IN THE BEGINNING THEORY…In the beginning, a new Universe was born out of the same energy and matter that all Universes have been made out of before, and will be made out of in the future. All of the energy and matter in the Universe that exist have always existed, and will always exist. Space is infinite; it has no borders. Due to the curvature of space, about every 13 to 15 billion years, all the energy and matter in the Universe comes back together again and explodes in all directions from the center out going from zero to near the speed of light in less than one billionth of a second which starts a new universe all over again. INSTRUCTIONS: BELOW ARE FOUR LINKS YOU CAN CLICK ON AND READ THE BIG BANG THEORY AND THE GENESIS THEORY. YOU CAN SEARCH THE INTERNET FOR OTHER SOURCES OF INFORMATION; THEN YOU CAN WRITE YOUR OWN THEORY.a
- Born out of the sun 2014 Chapter 1
- Do your own research…until you are satisfied with the amount of knowledge you have gained…and then write your essay.
- Big Bang Theory
2- EVENTS/IDEAS: Formation of the Sun…Nuclear fusion was started… all that is began to come forth. As the energy and matter cool, billions of suns begin to form. Atoms are created and combine to form hydrogen; hydrogen atoms fuse together to form helium; nuclear fusion is started; the lost mass is smashed into billions of particles, which creates gravity with a centripetal and centrifugal forces. The centripetal force pulls lighter particles to the center of the sun; the centrifugal force slings the heavier elements that are created in the sun to the outer rim of the sun. As new elements are created in the sun, centripetal and centrifugal forces hold elements in the outer rim of the sun out of which planets are created. As the sun recedes, the elements in the outer rim of the sun form its own gravity out of the Unifying Infinitesimal Particles which organizes and control the behavior of all matter. Different kinds of planets are formed and born out of the suns at different stages of the receding sun. The Suns become generators of the Unifying Infinitesimal Particles, which gives impetus to all things in the solar system both animate and inanimate.
a-How was the Sun formed? – NASA
b-How the Sun was Born – YouTube
c-Sun – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
e- Do your own search; then write your essay of what you think on MY PAGE
3- EVENTS/IDEAS: 4-5 billion years ago Planet Earth was born out of the Sun and began to cool…
b.How Was Earth Formed? – Space.com
c.BBC Earth – Timeline – The Earth formed from a vast gas and dust …
d.A perfect planet…the formation of the earth – YouTube
e.Do your own search; the write an essay of how the earth was formed on MY PAGE.
4- EVENTS/IDEAS: Prehistory: The beginning of life on Earth…
a..Prehistoric Time Line – National Geographic
b.The First Living Things — The Outline of History by H. G. Wells
d..Do your own search until you are satisfied that you know all you want to know; then write your essay on MY PAGE…5-SPECIAL TOPIC…WHAT ARE DATA, INFORMATION, KNOWLEDGE AND WISDOM?Data is like the symbols on your computer keyboard; information is something that can be made from those symbols,such as: E=M c2 an Einstein formula; knowledge is knowing what each of those symbols in the information means; wisdom is knowing what you can or cannot do with that knowledge that is encompassed in that formula. INSTRUCTIONS: click on the links below. When you read and listen and do your own research, write your essay Data, Information, Knowledge, & Wisdom – Mental Model Musings
- Do your search and write an essay.
- The Wisdom of God | Bible.org
6. SPECIAL TOPICS… WHAT IS SUCCESS? Since you are doing this Course of Study in order to be successful, we need to examine what success is… Since everything begins with just an idea, you might say that success is the ability to convert an idea from the abstract to the concrete. Success could be the ability to satisfy your innate desires and reach your objectives while staying within the boundaries of the society in which you live. INSTRUCTIONS: Click on to the links below read and listen, and do your own research; then write your own essay on success. Two great books you should read: Three Steps to Success and Think and Grow Rich…
C.What Is the Definition of Success Anyway? | Anna Partridge
D.Napoleon Hill – Think And Grow Rich – Full Length … – YouTube
7- EVENTS/IDEAS: 8,000-3,000BC Civilization begins… People stop being hunters and gatherers and settle down to farming and domesticating animals. How did this event changed history forever? Instructions: click on to the links below to read and listen, and then do your own search before writing your own essay.a.History of the world – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
c.The History of the World’s Civilizations in 2 Minutes – YouTube
d. Do your own search, and then write your own essay.
15- Hammurabi: 1750BC Hammurabi… King of Egypt…Writing, First written code of law, and monumental architecture.
a.Code of Hammurabi – Legal History and Philosophy
b.Code of Hammurabi – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
c.Code Of Law Season 3 – YouTube
d.Do your own research; then write your own essay.
16- Moses: 1393BC-1273BC Moses is known as the most influential prophet in Judaism; he led the Israelite slaves to freedom.
a.Who Was Moses? Was He More than an Exodus Hero? – Biblical …
b.The Exodus – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
c.Biblical Archaeology Society: Network Home
d.The Story of Moses, – YouTube
e.If you don’t have a library card, you should get one. The library has a world of free information.
25- Homer: 800BCE-701BC Homer was an epic poet, who is most known for being the literary genius behind both the Iliad and the Odyssey.
a.Homer – Poet – Biography.com
b.Homer’s Odyssey (story) – YouTube
c.Homer | Greek poet | Britannica.com
d.The Iliad: Homer Biography – Cliffs Notes
e.The internet is afloat with free information; don’t limit your search.
32- Confucius: 1551BC-1479BC Confucius was a Chinese philosopher whose principles were based on common Chinese traditions and beliefs; he also coined “The Golden Rule.”
a.Who Was Confucius? – China Family Adventure
b.What Confucius Taught by Sanderson Beck
c Confucius Analects Essay – Critical Essays – eNotes.com.
d.The Life of Confucius animation.divx – YouTube
46- Herodotus: 484BC-425BC Herodotus is referred to as “the father of history,” the only literary work he is known to have produced was that of the record of his inquiry.
a.Herodotus Greek historian father of history – Age of the Sage
b.Herodotus – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
c.The Histories by Herodotus | Summary – YouTube
d. Do your search until you know what you want to know. You are not limited.
47- Socrates: 470BC-399BC Socrates was a Greek philosopher who is renowned as one of the founders of western philosophy; he is also known for contributing to the field of ethics.
a.Socrates – Philosopher – Biography.com
b.Socrates – Ancient History – HISTORY.com
c.The Ideas of Socrates – YouTube
d. See how many sources of information you can find on this subject.
49- Hippocrates: 460BC-370BC Hippocrates is known to be an influential Greek physician. Known as the Father of Medicine.
52- Plato: 424BC-348BC Plato was a Greek philosopher and mathematician, who founded the first institution, “The Academy” allowing a higher level of education, of the western world.
a. Plato: The Republic | Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy
b. Plato: Theory of Knowledge
c. PHILOSOPHY – Plato – YouTube
d. Learn all you want to know about Plato; then write your own essay.
58- Aristotle: 384BC-322BC Aristotle, a Greek philosopher and scientist who was taught by Plato. He is said to be the “first genuine scientist.”
a. Aristotle – Philosopher – Biography.com
b.PHILOSOPHY – Aristotle – YouTube
c.The Best Teaching Quotes Ever | Take Part
d. Why was Aristotle considered to be the first genuine scientist?
59- Ptolemy I Soter: 367BC-283BC Ptolemy I Soter was a Macedonian General, serving under Alexander the Great, who ended up being an Egyptian Pharaoh.
60- Alexander the Great: 356BC-323BC Alexander the Great took the thrown of the Macedonian Kingdom at the age of 20. He spent much of his rule leading a military campaign, which resulted in his building one of the largest empires of the ancient world.
63- EVENTS/IDEAS: 300BC Roman conquest of Greece…
64- Archimedes: 287BCE-212BC Archimedes was a mathematician among many other things. He is actually known as one of the greatest mathematicians of all time.
74- Julius Caesar: 48BC-31BC Julius Caesar and Augustus establish monarchy in the Roman Empire.
75- EVENTS/IDEAS: 31BC-180AD Golden Age of the Roman Empire
77- Jesus Christ: 5BC-30AD Jesus is the central figure in the Christian faith and thought to be the “Son of God.” The Nativity of Christ
79- Paul the Apostle: 5-67AD “St. Paul” is often revered as on of the most influential figures of the Apostolic Age, for being the man to teach the gospel of Christ to the 1st century world.
81- EVENTS/IDEAS: 33-36AD The Trial and Crucifixion of Jesus
87- EVENTS/IDEAS: 70AD The siege of Jerusalem
88- EVENTS/IDEAS: 79AD Eruption of Mount Vesuvius
89- Ptolemy: 100-170AD Claudius Ptolemy was a writer and a mathematician among many other things. He was also a poet of a single epigram in Greek Anthology.
90- EVENTS/IDEAS: 200AD Hero of Alexandria’s book of machines… Baths of Caracalla in Rome… Watermill complex near Arles… Ptolemy and Galen.
94- Constantine the Great: 272-337AD Constantine was the 57th Emperor of Rome.
96- EVENTS/IDEAS: 312AD Conversion of Constantine
97- EVENTS/IDEAS: 312-493AD The Growth of the Papacy
98- EVENTS/IDEAS: 330AD The founding of Constantinople
102- Euclid: mid 400s-mid 300s AD Euclid, a Greek mathematician known as the “father of geometry.” He literally “wrote the book” that was most used during his time for teaching mathematics.
107- EVENTS/IDEAS: 530AD The Age and Laws of Justinian
108- Muhammad: 570-632AD Muhammad is the most prominent prophet in Islam. To many he is known to be the creator of the Islamic religion, while others see him as the final prophet sent by GOD to restore Islam. The Hegira of Muhammad
115- EVENTS/IDEAS: 862AD The beginnings of Russia
118- Leif Erikson: c.970-c.1020AD Leif Erikson was an Icelandic explorer who is thought by many to have landed in North America before Christopher Columbus.
119- EVENTS/IDEAS: 988AD Russia converts to Orthodox Christianity.
123- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1086AD Doomsday book inventory of England
124- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1088AD Founding of the Universities of Bologna in Paris…
127- Genghis Khan: 1162-1227AD “Temujin” was the Great Khan and founder of the Mongol Empire. His empire expanded until it stretched across a substantial amount of Central Asia and China.
132- Thomas Aquinas: c.1225-1274AD St. Thomas was a Dominican friar and Catholic priest whose influence on natural theology was immense.
134- Marco Polo: 1254-1324AD Marco Polo was an Italian merchant and explorer who greatly influenced European cartography due to his detailed chronicle of his expedition to China. Marco Polo’s travels
136- Dante Alighieri: 1265-1321AD “Dante” was an influential Italian poet during the late Middle Ages
137- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1268AD First weight-driven mechanical clock.
139- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1304AD-1564AD Renaissance
140- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1329AD Start of the Hundred Years’ War between England and France.
141- Geoffrey Chaucer: c.1343-1400AD Geoffrey Chaucer is widely know as “the father of English literature,” as well as one of the most major English poets of the Middle Ages.
142- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1347AD Revolutions in Rome
143- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1347AD First outbreak of the plague in Europe. Black Death
144- Johannes Gutenberg: 1395-1468AD Johannes Gutenberg was a German blacksmith, goldsmith, printer and publisher in Europe who invented the first printing press. Introduces printing with metal type.
145- Joan of Arc: 1412-1431AD Joan of Arc was a heroine of France for the role she played during “The Hundred Years’ War,” and she was made a Roman Catholic Saint.
146- Jan van Eyck: 1425AD Jan van Eyck introduces oil-based paints.
147- John Cabot: c.1450-c.1500AD John Cabot, an Italian navigator and explorer who discovered portions of North America, which is thought to have been the first European exploration of the mainland America since the Vikings.
149- Christopher Columbus: c.1451-1506AD Christopher Columbus who was an Italian explorer and navigator is commonly known to be the man who discovered “The New World” during his voyages across the Atlantic Ocean.
150- Leonardo da Vinci: 1452-1519AD Leonardo da Vinci was an Italian polymath. He has been called the gather of paleontology, ichnology, and architecture. Although he is one of the most acclaimed inventors of all time, he has also been considered one of times greatest painters.
151- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1453AD-1521AD Golden Age of the Aztec Empire in Mexico
152- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1453AD The fall of Constantinople
153- Amerigo Vespucci: 1457-1512AD Amerigo Vespucci, an Italian explorer, navigator, and cartographer was the first to conclude that Brazil and the West Indies were in fact a separate landmass rather than being considered as part of Asia.
154- Niccolo Machiavelli: 1469-1527AD Niccolo Machiavelli was an Italian philosopher, historian, and humanist during the Renaissance. He is well known as the founder of political science.
155- Nicolaus Copernicus: 1473-1543AD Nicolaus Copernicus, a Renaissance astronomer and mathematician who was the first to have the planets revolve around the Sun in the center of his model of the universe, rather than the Earth being at the center. Copernicus’s On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Spheres
156- Juan Ponce de Leon: 1474-1521AD Juan Ponce de Leon, led the first European expedition to Florida, being a Spanish explorer and conquistador.
157- Ferdinand Magellan: 1480-1521AD Ferdinand Magellan was a Portuguese explorer whose voyage to the West Indies turned out to be the first circumnavigation of the world.
158- Babur: 1483-1530AD Babur was a Central Asian conqueror who became the first Emperor of the Mongol Dynasty of India, which he implemented.
159- Martin Luther: 1483-1546AD Martin Luther, a German friar, priest, and theology professor. He was also a pivotal figure during the Protestant Reformation.
160- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1485AD End of War of Roses
161- Vasco da Gama: 1487AD Vasco da Gama was a Portuguese explorer who sailed around Africa to India; making him the first European to reach India by sea, linking Europe and Asia.
162- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1491AD The conquest of Canada
163- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1492AD The Jews expelled from Spain
164- Christopher Columbus: 1492AD Columbus was an Italian explorer, navigator, and colonizer whose first voyage to the New World– The discovery of America—led to the Spanish colonization of “THE NEW WORLD.”
165- Francois Rabelais: c.1494-c.1553AD Francois Rabelais is regarded as an influential French writer, physician, monk, Greek scholar, and humanist during the Renaissance.
174- Ferdinand Magellan: 1515AD Magellan was a Portuguese explorer who is know for the initiation of the Spanish expeditions to the East Indies which led to him being the first man to circumnavigate the Earth. Magellan begins first around-the-world voyage.
175- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1517-1540AD The Reformation
179- Michel de Montaigne: 1533-1592AD Michel de Montaigne is known as one of the more noteworthy philosophers of the French Renaissance, and also for making the essay its own literary genre.
180- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1534AD Suppression of the Greater Monasteries
181- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1540AD The counter-reformation
182- Akbar: 1542-1605AD Akbar was the 3rdand arguably one of the greatest Emperors of the Mongol Dynasty in India. The reign of Akbar.
183- Andreas Vesalius: 1543AD Vesalius’s On the structure of the Human Body
184- William Gilbert: 1544AD-1603AD Gilbert was an English physician, physicist, and natural philosopher. William Gilbert’s On the Magnet
185- Miguel de Cervantes: c.1547-1616AD “Cervantes” was novelist, poet, and playwright of Spanish descent. His influence on the Spanish language was so expansive that is is often called “the language of Cervantes.”
186- Sir Walter Raleigh: 1552-1618AD Sir Walter Raleigh was an English gentleman, writer, poet, soldier, explorer, etc. who is known for making tobacco popular throughout England.
187- Gerardus Mercator: 1512-1594AD Mercator was a cartographer of Flemish descent, who developed mathematics-based maps of Europe.
188- Giordano Bruno: 1548-1600AD Bruno was an Italian Friar, philosopher, mathematician, poet, and astrologer who proposed that stars were suns with exo-planets. Bruno burned at the stake in Rome.
192- Francis Bacon: 1561-1626AD Francis Bacon, an English philosopher, served as the Attorney General and as Lord Chancellor of England. Even after his death he was an influential philosophical advocate and scientific method practitioner during Scientific Revolution.
193- William Shakespeare: 1564-1616AD “Shakespeare,” a well-known English poet, playwright, and actor, is considered the greatest writer in the English language as well as a renowned dramatist.
194- Galileo Galilei: 1564-1642AD Galileo was an Italian astronomer, physicist, philosopher, and mathematician who was a significant leader of the scientific revolution. Galileo’s Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems; Galileo’s telescope-based Sidereal Messenger; Galileo’s Discourses on Two New Sciences
199- William Harvey: 1578-1657AD Harvey was an English physician to whom many seminal contributions to the field of anatomy and physiology. William Harvey’s On the Motion of the Heart and Blood in Animals.
200- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1576-1598AD The League
Johannes Kepler: 1571-1630AD Kepler was a German mathematician, astronomer, and astrologist who is most well known for his laws of planetary motion. Kepler’s New Astronomy claims elliptical planetary orbits; Kepler’s Harmony of
201- William Harvey: 1578-1657AD Harvey was an English physician who contributed hugely to the field of anatomy and physiology; He proposed in detail the systematic circulation/properties of blood pumping to and from the brain and body by the heart.202- Thomas Hobbes: 1588-1679AD Hobbes, an English philosopher who is most known for his work on political philosophy. He established the social contract theory in his book Leviathan.
204- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1588AD Defeat of the Spanish Armada
206- Sir Isaac Newton: 1642-1727AD Newton, an English physicist and mathematician; recognized as one of the most influential scientists of “all time;” Newton coined the Laws of Motion and Universal Gravitation. Newton’s Principia Mathematica; Newton’s Optics; Newton’s first calculus publication
207- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1642-1646AD The War between Charles I and the Parliament
205- Rene Descartes: 1596-1650AD Descartes, a French philosopher, mathematician, and scientist who has been named the father of modern philosophy.
206- Oliver Cromwell: 1599-1658AD Cromwell was an English political and military leader.
207- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1602-1611AD The colonization of Virginia
208- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1605AD The Gunpowder Plot
209- Rembrandt: 1606-1669AD Rembrandt was a Dutch painter and etcher who is widely considered to be among the greatest print makers in European art, as well as the most important in Dutch history.
210- John Milton: 1608-c.1674AD Milton was an Epic English Poet known mostly for his epic poem Paradise Lost.
211- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1609-1628AD The discovery and settlement of Manhattan Island
212- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1610AD Hudson’s Last Voyage
213- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1618-1648AD The Thirty Years’ War
214- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1618AD Sir Walter Raleigh’s Expedition
215- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1620AD The voyage of the “Mayflower”
209- Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz: 1646-1716AD Leibniz, a prominent German polymath and philosopher. Leibniz’s first calculus publication
210- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1648AD Treaty of Westphalia ends the Thirty Years’ War.
308- Volta: 1800AD Volta invents the electric battery. The invention of photography
309- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1801-1807AD The invention of the Steamboat
313- Richard Trvithick and the first locomotive.
314- Jean Baptiste Charbonneau: 1805-1866AD Jean Baptiste Charbonneau was an American explorer and military scout during the Mexican-American war. He was also the son of Sacajawea.
315- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1805-1812AD The great triumphs of Napoleon Richard Trvithick: 1804AD
323- Charles Darwin: 1809-1882AD Charles Darwin was the man to introduce the theory of evolution to the scientific community. Charles Darwin returns from his global voyage on H.M.S. Beagle; Darwin’s On the Origin of Species
331- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1815AD The downfall of Napoleon-restoration of pope’s temporal power
332- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1815-1825AD Western Europe and the Holy Alliance
346- Joseph Fourier: 1822AD Joseph Fourier’s analytical theory of heat is published.
347- Louis Pasteur: 1822AD-1895AD Louis Pasteur discovered two forms of tartaric acid crystals. Pasteur’s essay on fermentation founds the germ theory of disease. Pasteur shows that dead bacteria confer immunity; Pasteur introduces modern vaccination.
348- Samuel Brown: 1823AD Samuel Brown begins production and sale of internal combustion engines.
349- George Boole: 1824AD George Boole’s laws of thought; Sadi Carnot’s Reflections on the Motive Power of Heat
371- Samuel F.B. Morse: 1844AD Samuel F.B. Morse’s pilot installation of an electric telegraph.
372- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1845-1847AD The discovery of the Northwest Passage
376- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1847-1849AD The discovery of Gold in California
377- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1848AD The French Revolution
394- Alfred Russel Wallace: 1858AD Alfred Russel Wallace’s essay on evolution by natural selection.
395- Napoleon III: 1859AD Napoleon III in Italy-abolishes the Papal States ending the Pope’s temporal power
396- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1861AD-1865AD American Civil War
397- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1862AD Morrill Land Grant Act triggers growth of engineering education in the U.S.
400- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1863AD The Battle of Gettysburg
401- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1863-1867AD Rise and fall of the Mexican empire
423- Robert Koch: 1877AD Robert Koch isolates the cause of anthrax. Koch isolates tuberculosis bacterium. Thomas Edison inaugurates centrally generated electricity. Koch isolates cholera bacterium.
427- Albert Einstein: 1879-1955AD Einstein’s “miracle year” of publication. Einstein’s general theory of
450- Henri Becquerel: 1896AD Discovery of the X-RAYS. Henri Becquerel discovers radioactivity.
451- Guglielmo Marconi: 1896AD Guglielmo Marconi introduces telegraphy “without wires.”
465- Max Planck: 1900AD Max Planck’s quantum hypothesis
466- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1902AD The coronation of King Edward VII
470- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1903AD First heavier-than-air flight
471- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1904AD First automobile made by a manufacturer (Buick Model B)
477- Thomas Hunt Morgan: 1910AD Thomas Hunt Morgan localizes the “gene” for fruit-fly eye color.
478- Ernest Rutherford: 1910AD Ernest Rutherford’s Solar System model of the atom.
485- Niels Bohr: 1913AD Niels Bohr’s quantum theory
486- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1914AD World War I begins.
493- Edwin Hubble: 1923AD Edwin Hubble announces that Andromeda is a galaxy. Hubble announces the expanding Universe. Paul Dirac founds quantum electrodynamics.
498- Heisenberg and Schrodinger: 1925AD Heisenberg and Schrodinger found quantum mechanics. Heisenberg uncertainty principle; Statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics
499- Martin Luther King: 1929-1968AD
500- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1929AD-1939AD Great Depression
514- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1945AD-1989AD Cold War; First atomic bombs; World War II ends. ENIAC becomes operational.
517- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1947AD Transistor invented at Bell Labs.
518- George Gamow: 1947-49AD George Gamow and colleagues propose the Big Bang Theory.
519- John Von Neumann: 1948AD John Von Neumann constructs EDVAC.
520- Claude Shannon: 1948AD Claude Shannon founds mathematical information theory.
521- Watson and Crick: 1953AD Watson and Crick announce the double-helix structure of DNA
523- Tim Berners-Lee: 1955AD-current Tim Berners-Lee introduces the World Wide Web.
524- Bill Gates: 1955AD-current
525- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1956AD Dartmouth conference on artificial intelligence.
526- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1957AD Sputnik I orbits the Earth.
527- Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce: 1958AD Jack Kilby and Robert Noyce invent the integrated circuit.
529- Barack Obama: 1961AD-current
530- Penzias and Wilson: 1963AD Penzias and Wilson detect microwave background radiation.
531- Edward Lorenz: 1963AD Edward Lorenz triggers chaos theory.
532- Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig: 1964AD Murray Gell-Mann and George Zweig found quantum chromodynamics.
533- Neil Armstrong: 1969AD Neil Armstrong walks on the Moon.
534- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1971AD The first test of ARPANet, leading to the Internet in the 1990s. Electro-weak unification wins acceptance.
535- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1972AD Recombinant DNA research begins.
536- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1973AD DEC introduces first “mini-computer” PDP-8. Standard model of quantum field theory formulated.
537- Alan Guh: 1980AD Alan Guh’s inflationary theory of the Universe; dark matter proposed
538- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1981 AD IBM PC is introduced.
539- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1984 AD String theory becomes “respectable” in physics.
540- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1989 AD Disintegration of the Soviet Union.
541- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1990 AD Hubble Space Telescope launched into orbit.
542- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1995 AD Sixth quark, called “top,” discovered.
543- EVENTS/IDEAS: 1998 AD Dark energy proposed.
544- EVENTS/IDEAS: 2000 AD Human genome decoded.
a. Human genome – Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
b. An Overview of the Human Genome Project
c .HUMAN GENOME PROJECT 2011 – YouTube
d. What is the human genome?
